WEBVTT 00:00:11.301 --> 00:00:13.035 How are you, sunshine? New week, 00:00:13.078 --> 00:00:14.674 10 fresh minutes, and today we're talking about 00:00:14.717 --> 00:00:16.012 the brands we've left behind. 00:00:16.112 --> 00:00:17.963 Elections that changed a nation, 00:00:18.010 --> 00:00:19.577 dinosaur footprints from 66 00:00:19.624 --> 00:00:21.475 million years ago, and a 9-year-old boy 00:00:21.523 --> 00:00:23.326 whose first fight became his 00:00:23.374 --> 00:00:25.277 reason for helping others. 10 minutes, 00:00:25.325 --> 00:00:26.985 a big world, let's get up. 00:00:27.247 --> 00:00:29.024 Every two years, around this time, 00:00:29.072 --> 00:00:31.096 political leaders in the U.S. 00:00:31.143 --> 00:00:32.764 tell us that this is the most 00:00:32.810 --> 00:00:34.637 important election of our lives. Is that 00:00:34.684 --> 00:00:36.530 sometimes an exaggeration? Sure, but 00:00:36.580 --> 00:00:38.227 every now and then an election 00:00:38.277 --> 00:00:39.923 becomes truly monumental, 00:00:39.973 --> 00:00:41.758 literally. Our Dana Bash 00:00:41.804 --> 00:00:43.540 takes us on a tour of the nation's capital 00:00:43.585 --> 00:00:45.276 to help us understand how 00:00:45.322 --> 00:00:47.012 five crucial elections helped 00:00:47.058 --> 00:00:48.840 shape the country generations later. 00:00:50.479 --> 00:00:52.264 One of the best things about being here 00:00:52.310 --> 00:00:53.959 in Washington, D.C., is that we have 00:00:54.004 --> 00:00:55.653 statues and monuments that commemorate 00:00:55.699 --> 00:00:57.439 the election that changed the world. 00:00:58.319 --> 00:00:59.959 So, let's take a look at them. We 00:01:00.920 --> 00:01:03.038 all know Thomas Jefferson as a 00:01:03.092 --> 00:01:05.210 founding father, as one of the 00:01:05.264 --> 00:01:07.056 main authors of the Declaration of 00:01:07.111 --> 00:01:08.849 Independence, but he was also a 00:01:08.903 --> 00:01:10.749 candidate in two of 00:01:10.804 --> 00:01:12.759 arguably the most important elections in the United 00:01:12.813 --> 00:01:15.001 States of America. These were the 00:01:15.057 --> 00:01:17.531 first contested elections. The two 00:01:17.579 --> 00:01:19.427 candidates were Thomas Jefferson and John 00:01:19.474 --> 00:01:22.382 Adams. In 1796, John Adams won. In 00:01:22.458 --> 00:01:25.213 1800, Thomas Jefferson won, more or 00:01:25.289 --> 00:01:27.931 less. There was a peculiarity in this 00:01:27.973 --> 00:01:29.540 new Constitution that these men 00:01:29.582 --> 00:01:31.915 had written. And Thomas Jefferson, in 00:01:31.962 --> 00:01:33.655 the Electoral College, tied with his 00:01:33.702 --> 00:01:35.396 own running mate, Aaron 00:01:35.443 --> 00:01:37.216 Burr. So, the Constitution said 00:01:37.259 --> 00:01:38.910 that the House of Representatives had to 00:01:38.953 --> 00:01:40.604 decide who would be the president 00:01:40.647 --> 00:01:42.464 of the United States. It was the first 00:01:42.512 --> 00:01:44.502 constitutional crisis. It took time, 00:01:44.567 --> 00:01:47.099 but Thomas Jefferson finally won. 00:01:50.939 --> 00:01:52.499 How about this being groundbreaking? 00:01:53.060 --> 00:01:55.311 Abraham Lincoln is elected president and 00:01:55.369 --> 00:01:57.331 is the final spark that ignites the 00:01:57.389 --> 00:02:00.298 Civil War. It didn't go so well for him. He only 00:02:00.347 --> 00:02:02.279 got 39% of the votes, and that's because 00:02:02.328 --> 00:02:04.260 no Southern state supported him. 00:02:04.620 --> 00:02:06.350 A month later, South Carolina 00:02:06.398 --> 00:02:08.225 seceded from the Union and the Civil War 00:02:08.273 --> 00:02:10.274 effectively began. Two years 00:02:10.320 --> 00:02:11.980 later, he signed the 00:02:12.026 --> 00:02:13.686 Emancipation Proclamation and finally freed 00:02:13.732 --> 00:02:15.438 the slaves in the United States of 00:02:15.484 --> 00:02:18.078 America. And when he gave the 00:02:18.130 --> 00:02:19.995 Gettysburg Address, he made it very clear that nothing 00:02:20.047 --> 00:02:22.068 less than democracy was at stake 00:02:22.068 --> 00:02:29.030 . Not one, not two, not three, but 00:02:29.105 --> 00:02:31.408 four of FDR's elections were 00:02:31.482 --> 00:02:34.623 incredibly momentous. He was 00:02:34.684 --> 00:02:36.581 first elected during the Great 00:02:36.642 --> 00:02:38.905 Depression, in 1932, because of the Great 00:02:38.967 --> 00:02:41.245 Depression. Large 00:02:41.302 --> 00:02:43.403 Democratic majorities were elected alongside 00:02:43.459 --> 00:02:45.333 him and he began to enact what he had 00:02:45.390 --> 00:02:47.548 promised, legislation that added to the 00:02:47.605 --> 00:02:50.282 "New Deal". He was then elected to 00:02:50.351 --> 00:02:53.050 a second term in 1936, and continued 00:02:53.050 --> 00:02:54.869 . Roosevelt decided to run 00:02:54.917 --> 00:02:56.765 again in 1940 and won by a 00:02:56.814 --> 00:02:58.922 landslide. It was an unprecedented third term 00:02:58.981 --> 00:03:02.187 . And it meant that in 1941, 00:03:02.250 --> 00:03:04.319 when Pearl Harbor happened, he 00:03:04.382 --> 00:03:06.702 was in the White House and began to 00:03:06.765 --> 00:03:08.960 use his decade of experience and the 00:03:09.022 --> 00:03:11.029 relationship he had with Winston 00:03:11.092 --> 00:03:13.224 Churchill and Joseph Stalin to 00:03:13.286 --> 00:03:15.669 form the Allied leadership to fight 00:03:15.732 --> 00:03:18.354 Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. It is 00:03:18.422 --> 00:03:20.779 1944, the war is still raging. 00:03:20.959 --> 00:03:22.592 Roosevelt, of course, runs 00:03:22.639 --> 00:03:25.375 for a fourth term and wins. And one of 00:03:25.428 --> 00:03:27.460 the other important consequences of 00:03:27.512 --> 00:03:29.336 FDR's unprecedented time in the 00:03:29.388 --> 00:03:31.420 White House is the 22nd Amendment, which was 00:03:31.473 --> 00:03:33.531 passed afterward. It establishes that a 00:03:33.578 --> 00:03:35.361 president cannot serve for more than 00:03:35.408 --> 00:03:41.419 two terms. The 00:03:41.465 --> 00:03:43.205 momentous elections don't have to be for 00:03:43.250 --> 00:03:44.898 president or really for any 00:03:44.944 --> 00:03:47.380 government position. It could be just a 00:03:47.442 --> 00:03:49.687 small group, in the basement of a 00:03:49.750 --> 00:03:52.120 church, raising their hands and voting. 00:03:52.880 --> 00:03:54.984 That's what happened in December 00:03:55.037 --> 00:03:57.088 1955 when Martin Luther King Jr. was 00:03:57.141 --> 00:03:58.814 elected during the 00:03:58.868 --> 00:04:00.648 bus boycott to lead the newly 00:04:00.702 --> 00:04:02.752 formed Montgomery Progress Association 00:04:02.806 --> 00:04:05.759 . He was only 26 years old and 00:04:05.839 --> 00:04:08.582 new to Montgomery. He was the pastor of 00:04:08.624 --> 00:04:10.287 the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, and 00:04:10.329 --> 00:04:11.992 one of the civil rights leaders 00:04:11.992 --> 00:04:13.612 , Jo Ann Robinson, had heard him 00:04:13.654 --> 00:04:15.104 preach and told everyone that he 00:04:15.146 --> 00:04:16.553 could move people with his 00:04:16.596 --> 00:04:18.627 words. And we know what happened 00:04:18.668 --> 00:04:20.566 next. He became a 00:04:20.614 --> 00:04:22.479 civil rights leader who truly helped 00:04:22.527 --> 00:04:29.913 change the world. On May 10, 1994 00:04:29.913 --> 00:04:32.368 , nearly a billion people 00:04:32.438 --> 00:04:34.683 watched as this man, Nelson 00:04:34.754 --> 00:04:37.349 Mandela, was sworn in as 00:04:37.419 --> 00:04:40.156 South Africa's first black president after 00:04:40.226 --> 00:04:42.751 decades of resistance against 00:04:42.821 --> 00:04:44.505 racial segregation and 00:04:44.575 --> 00:04:47.311 discrimination by the small 00:04:47.382 --> 00:04:49.977 white minority that ran the government until 00:04:50.047 --> 00:04:53.232 his actions. You see it right here, how 00:04:53.283 --> 00:04:54.913 a freedom fighter and 00:04:54.964 --> 00:04:56.849 political prisoner for 30 years 00:04:56.900 --> 00:04:58.479 led him to become a 00:04:58.530 --> 00:05:01.026 statesman. He only served one term 00:05:01.075 --> 00:05:02.875 as president, but his strength not 00:05:02.923 --> 00:05:04.675 only helped the people of South Africa, 00:05:04.723 --> 00:05:06.572 but also inspired activists around 00:05:06.621 --> 00:05:07.059 the world. 00:05:14.502 --> 00:05:16.511 10-second trivia. Ramen is one 00:05:16.553 --> 00:05:18.194 of the most popular dishes in Japan. 00:05:18.299 --> 00:05:20.848 Where did it originate? China, Mongolia, 00:05:20.908 --> 00:05:29.094 Vietnam, or South Korea? If you said 00:05:29.157 --> 00:05:31.303 China, you're a superstar. The 00:05:31.355 --> 00:05:33.172 famous Japanese noodle dish was 00:05:33.224 --> 00:05:35.248 actually introduced by 00:05:35.300 --> 00:05:36.961 Chinese immigrants in the late 19th century and 00:05:37.013 --> 00:05:38.882 gets its name from the Chinese term 00:05:38.934 --> 00:05:40.959 lamian, which means stretched noodles. 00:05:41.418 --> 00:05:43.087 Earlier this month, we learned 00:05:43.133 --> 00:05:44.618 all about the record number of 00:05:44.664 --> 00:05:46.473 centenarians in Japan, people who have 00:05:46.519 --> 00:05:47.818 reached at least 100 years of age. 00:05:47.918 --> 00:05:49.713 Apparently, some of them 00:05:49.766 --> 00:05:51.719 have no interest in retiring, 00:05:51.772 --> 00:05:53.861 like Fuku Amagawa. She is 103 years old and 00:05:53.913 --> 00:05:55.624 still works five days a 00:05:55.676 --> 00:05:57.180 week preparing ramen at the 00:05:57.231 --> 00:05:59.202 restaurant her family opened 00:05:59.254 --> 00:06:00.838 about 60 years ago. Our Hanako 00:06:00.876 --> 00:06:02.054 Montgomery stopped by to 00:06:02.092 --> 00:06:03.270 enjoy a meal and perhaps 00:06:03.308 --> 00:06:04.638 discover some secrets about 00:06:04.676 --> 00:06:05.094 longevity. 00:06:05.560 --> 00:06:08.042 Fuku Amagawa is 103 years and seven 00:06:08.111 --> 00:06:10.801 months old, and still works five days a 00:06:10.870 --> 00:06:21.160 week. Her specialty is preparing 00:06:21.205 --> 00:06:22.673 ramen in a shop that she and her 00:06:22.718 --> 00:06:24.320 family opened six decades ago. 00:06:24.840 --> 00:06:26.679 Oh, it looks so delicious. 00:06:28.199 --> 00:06:30.583 Amagawa is just one of more than 100,000 00:06:30.644 --> 00:06:33.028 centenarians in Japan, a new 00:06:33.089 --> 00:06:35.063 national record. Experts say that 00:06:35.108 --> 00:06:36.681 healthy diets, low 00:06:36.725 --> 00:06:38.118 obesity rates, and 00:06:38.163 --> 00:06:39.826 universal healthcare are some of the reasons why so many people 00:06:39.871 --> 00:06:41.792 live here. But 00:06:41.838 --> 00:06:43.414 Japan's overall population is 00:06:43.460 --> 00:06:44.922 declining. The birth rate 00:06:44.960 --> 00:06:46.442 is at a historic low, leaving 00:06:46.480 --> 00:06:47.923 fewer workers to support a 00:06:47.961 --> 00:06:50.495 growing elderly population. But 00:06:50.549 --> 00:06:52.283 Amagawa is not ready to 00:06:52.337 --> 00:06:55.041 retire yet. Most Japanese people 00:06:55.087 --> 00:06:56.709 aged 100 or older are women like 00:06:56.754 --> 00:06:58.930 her. And although scientists don't 00:06:58.979 --> 00:07:00.694 know exactly why, Amagawa 00:07:00.743 --> 00:07:13.011 has his own theory. She tells me she 00:07:13.046 --> 00:07:14.346 has some tips for living a 00:07:14.382 --> 00:07:17.009 long time. Eat plenty and, most 00:07:17.077 --> 00:07:19.584 importantly, find a reason to 00:07:19.652 --> 00:07:21.279 get up every morning. 00:07:23.060 --> 00:07:25.177 This next story is for all 00:07:25.234 --> 00:07:27.180 the veterans who might be thinking: 00:07:27.301 --> 00:07:28.418 I like turtles. 00:07:28.546 --> 00:07:30.130 For the first time in 00:07:30.183 --> 00:07:32.190 recorded history, a wild sea turtle 00:07:32.242 --> 00:07:34.091 has nested naturally on the 00:07:34.144 --> 00:07:36.066 US West Coast. Lifeguards 00:07:36.113 --> 00:07:37.654 discovered that a rare 00:07:37.700 --> 00:07:39.428 olive ridley sea turtle had laid eggs near 00:07:39.474 --> 00:07:41.316 Seal Beach in California. Three days 00:07:41.374 --> 00:07:43.327 later, another turtle appeared 00:07:43.385 --> 00:07:45.568 several kilometers away near Huntington 00:07:45.626 --> 00:07:47.194 Beach and laid another nest. 00:07:47.243 --> 00:07:48.907 Scientists have confirmed that they were 00:07:48.956 --> 00:07:50.670 two different turtles. 00:07:51.100 --> 00:07:52.855 NOAA and California Fish and Wildlife teams 00:07:52.903 --> 00:07:54.658 responded 00:07:54.707 --> 00:07:56.316 immediately, cordoning off both sites and 00:07:56.365 --> 00:07:58.120 keeping the eggs protected from 00:07:58.168 --> 00:08:00.028 people and predators. The 00:08:00.071 --> 00:08:01.762 incubation period normally lasts from 00:08:01.805 --> 00:08:03.413 1.5 to 2 months. So why 00:08:03.454 --> 00:08:04.870 is this so extraordinary? 00:08:04.921 --> 00:08:06.782 Olive ridley sea turtles typically nest 00:08:06.833 --> 00:08:08.694 much further south, mainly on 00:08:08.746 --> 00:08:10.804 beaches in Mexico and Central America. 00:08:10.853 --> 00:08:12.592 Experts say this year's rare super El 00:08:12.642 --> 00:08:14.232 Niño could be 00:08:14.282 --> 00:08:16.021 overheating the water in its 00:08:16.071 --> 00:08:17.760 usual locations, causing this 00:08:17.810 --> 00:08:19.925 northward shift. The following is a 00:08:19.976 --> 00:08:21.940 gigantic discovery made by 00:08:21.990 --> 00:08:23.854 a Colorado high school teacher 00:08:23.904 --> 00:08:25.315 who stumbled upon 00:08:25.365 --> 00:08:27.179 paleontological history in North Dakota. 00:08:27.699 --> 00:08:29.750 Kent Hups was on an 00:08:29.804 --> 00:08:31.747 unrelated research expedition when 00:08:31.801 --> 00:08:33.799 he found what appeared to be three 00:08:33.853 --> 00:08:36.261 giant fingers. It turns out he had found 00:08:36.317 --> 00:08:38.219 a 7-meter-long trail with 00:08:38.275 --> 00:08:39.730 four fossilized footprints 00:08:39.786 --> 00:08:41.352 probably left by a 00:08:41.408 --> 00:08:43.582 Tyrannosaurus Rex. Each footprint measures 00:08:43.633 --> 00:08:45.629 approximately one meter in length. 00:08:45.686 --> 00:08:47.680 Scientists date them to about 66.5 00:08:47.737 --> 00:08:49.604 million years ago. It is the 00:08:49.661 --> 00:08:51.770 first known sequence of footprints 00:08:51.827 --> 00:08:53.822 likely attributable to an adult T-Rex 00:08:53.879 --> 00:08:56.297 . The famous Hell Creek Formation is 00:08:56.354 --> 00:08:58.344 rich in 00:08:58.401 --> 00:09:00.335 Late Cretaceous dinosaur bones, but finding 00:09:00.392 --> 00:09:02.036 footprints is another story. The 00:09:02.077 --> 00:09:03.508 sediments in the area typically 00:09:03.549 --> 00:09:05.020 eroded before the footprints 00:09:05.061 --> 00:09:06.599 could be preserved. Scientists 00:09:06.635 --> 00:09:07.901 are getting an unusual clue 00:09:07.938 --> 00:09:09.204 about how this predator actually walked 00:09:09.240 --> 00:09:11.550 . It is estimated that he was walking, 00:09:11.617 --> 00:09:14.099 not running, at about 4 miles per hour. 00:09:14.480 --> 00:09:16.387 Proof that, even 66 million 00:09:16.439 --> 00:09:18.295 years later, we are still following in their 00:09:18.346 --> 00:09:25.787 footsteps. Today's story gets a 00:09:25.835 --> 00:09:27.537 10 out of 10, a sweet moment of closure 00:09:27.584 --> 00:09:29.651 for a young philanthropist. 00:09:29.698 --> 00:09:31.470 Nine-year-old Jace Smith, from Georgia, spent months in 00:09:31.516 --> 00:09:33.241 intensive care after being born, and now 00:09:33.288 --> 00:09:34.920 uses his own business to help 00:09:34.967 --> 00:09:37.295 families going through the same thing. Jace 00:09:37.354 --> 00:09:39.422 was born at 24 weeks, and his mother 00:09:39.481 --> 00:09:41.786 says she remembers the help she received 00:09:41.845 --> 00:09:43.803 from others during that time. 00:09:43.862 --> 00:09:45.740 Gasoline, food, 00:09:45.798 --> 00:09:47.970 basic necessities that allowed him to focus 00:09:48.029 --> 00:09:50.200 on what mattered most, little 00:09:50.259 --> 00:09:52.519 Jace. Now, Jace is doing very well. She 00:09:52.657 --> 00:09:54.690 runs her own lemonade business and 00:09:54.744 --> 00:09:56.831 used some of the profits to help 00:09:58.704 --> 00:10:00.470 neonatal intensive care units, donating a 00:10:00.523 --> 00:10:02.557 mobile library cart full of books for 00:10:02.610 --> 00:10:04.622 parents to read to their babies. 00:10:04.670 --> 00:10:06.221 Doctors say that reading helps 00:10:06.270 --> 00:10:08.160 early brain development, even in 00:10:08.208 --> 00:10:10.305 babies. And Jace rates his 00:10:10.364 --> 00:10:12.447 lemonade recipe four out of five. I 00:10:12.492 --> 00:10:14.436 love that. Philanthropist and entrepreneur 00:10:14.488 --> 00:10:16.370 of 9 years, still leaving room 00:10:16.422 --> 00:10:18.298 for improvement. Alright, friends, I have 00:10:18.346 --> 00:10:19.864 time for two greetings today. 00:10:19.906 --> 00:10:21.357 Miss Rubenstein and Miss 00:10:21.399 --> 00:10:22.933 Green at PS10 school in Brooklyn, 00:10:22.974 --> 00:10:24.941 New York. I see you, Olivia. Brooklyn, 00:10:24.985 --> 00:10:26.711 keep bringing that Big 00:10:26.755 --> 00:10:28.593 Apple energy. And look at this, Mr. 00:10:28.653 --> 00:10:30.938 Lechtenberg and all our friends at 00:10:30.999 --> 00:10:33.104 Stillwell High School in West Des 00:10:33.164 --> 00:10:36.390 Moines, Iowa. I must say, I love this 00:10:36.481 --> 00:10:38.114 picture. Thank you for making us a part of your 00:10:38.147 --> 00:10:39.670 day. And Mr. Lechtenberg, nice 00:10:39.709 --> 00:10:41.423 haircut, brother. Let's make the rest 00:10:41.466 --> 00:10:43.033 of our Monday fun. 00:10:43.071 --> 00:10:45.100 See you tomorrow, team. I'm Coy Wire and 00:10:45.177 --> 00:10:47.191 we're CNN 10.